This insight has been a central concern of the developing literature on Europeanization. As Claudio Radaelli (2003: 34) puts it, ‘European policy is not a mysterious dues ex machine situated “up there”. Instead it originates from processes of conflict, bargaining, imitation, diffusion and interaction between national (and often subnational) and EU lactors’. At the same time, developments at EU level may be drawn use by domestic actors (Radaelli, 2003; Bulmer and Bruch, 2001).