Subjective health outcome refers to the perceived health status recognized by the individual. It was measured by the Health SelfRating Scale developed by Lawton, Moss, Fulcomer, and Kleban . In the current study, Cho's Korean version was used . This scale contains three items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (very bad) to 4 (very good). A higher score indicates a better subjective health status. The result of CFA showed that all factor loading coefficients were over .50; thus all items were kept. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .68 when the scale was translated into Korean , and .84 in this study