Your philosophical orientation may stem from one of the several paradigms and approaches in research—positivist, interpretive, phenomenology, action or participatory, feminist, qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods—and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. The concept of “validity” can be applied to any aspect of the research process. It ensures that in a research study correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. “Reliability” refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy. “Unbiased and objective” means that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest. The author makes a distinction between bias and subjectivity. Subjectivity is an integral part of your way of thinking that is “conditioned” by your educational background, academic discipline, philosophy, experience and skills. For example, a psychologist may look at a piece of information differently than an anthropologist or a historian.