they have a problem in storage itself, rather than in the encoding or rehearsal of information (Jarrold et al., 2002; Purser and Jarrold, 2005; Baddeley and Jarrold, 2007) Within Baddeley’s (1986) WM framework, DS seems to be associated with a reduction in phonological store capacity (Baddeley and Jarrold, 2007).