Experimental results: The operation of circuits in Figs. 1a and b are
based on the same principle. Therefore, only the circuit in Fig. 1a is
experimentally demonstrated using commercially available OTA
CA3280. The bias currents IB1 ¼ IB3 ¼ IB4 and the resistor R1 are
set to 1 mA and 5 kV, respectively. Hence the scale factor kv is calculated as 4.47 1024. Figs. 2a and b show the measured DC
transfer characteristic and the plots of transfer error, respectively. It
is evident that the maximum transfer error of about 0.59% is
observed. Fig. 3 shows the output waveform for a 1 kHz sinusoidal
input signal of 4 V peak amplitude. It is interesting to note that the
proposed circuit provides a good result over the entire operating
range.