In addition, the cell voltage is reduced by approximately half due to the use of cuprous and ferrous ions oxidation (Cu+↔ Cu2+ + e−; Fe2+ ↔ Fe3++ e−) rather than the conventional water hydrolysis (2H2O ↔ 4H++ O2 + 4e−) at the anode. The change from water hydrolysis to cuprous and ferrous oxidation also eliminates acid misting caused by oxygen evolution, thereby creating a more environmentally sustainable practice. The cupric and ferric ions generated at the anode can be used to leach more chalcopyrite, thereby circumventing the need for a separate reduction process. The main negative aspects of chloride media are greater corrosion and the potential need to separate anolyte and catholyte. It should be noted that the experiments in this study did not use separate anolyte and catholyte.