• Muscles
AtrophyDecrease strength; tight weakness
Decrease flexibilityPain
Decrease ATP, ADP, creatine, creatine phosphate and glycogenFatigue easily
Immobilize in lengthen length or shorten length Increase or decrease sarcomeres
• Periarticular connective tissues
– Decrease fluid and glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) in extracellular matrixreduce extensibility
– Abnormal cross-linking between collagen fibersdecrease mobility
– Weak bonding and malalignment between new collagen fibers fibrosis/adhesionjoint stiffness
• Articular cartilage
– Decrease thickness
– Prolong high compression force causes chondrocyte death
• Bone
– Reduce load, decrease muscle activityBone loss