From a philosophical standpoint, as cancer and most
chronic diseases have a multifactor aetiology, natural diet-derived agents such as curcumin that act at
multiple cellular levels may stand a better chance of improving the prevention or management of these
diseases than agents that affect a single cellular target. A pleiotropic activity in the cell is provided by
ability of curcumin to inhibit multiple levels of the NF-κB, AP-1, and JNK signalling pathways