Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), in which water is
recirculated between the culture and water treatment stages,
provide an answer to some of the above mentioned problems
since they enable fish production in relative isolation from the
surrounding environment. However, this advantage is not without
a price as many challenges face the production of fish in these
highly contained systems. In this respect, water quality control and
waste management are among the most critical of these challenges.