The Swaziland Ministry of Health recently expressed willingness to address needs of KP, claiming that the core mandate of “equitable non-discriminatory health services” should be applicable for all (Phakathi, 2009). In response to this statement and in light of the lack of definitive research on HIV among KP in Swaziland, the current study was designed to provide probability estimates of HIV prevalence among KP in Swaziland, describe behavioral factors associated with HIV infection, and examine the influences of social and structural factors on HIV-related behaviors and risk for infection among these populations. The specific aims of this study are