Criterion measures differ in the extent to which they cover the criterion domain. For example, the
job of university professor includes tasks related to teaching, research, and service. If job performance is measured using indicators of teaching and service only, then the measures are deficient
because they fail to include an important component of the job. Similarly, if we wish to measure a
manager's. flexibility, adopting a trait approach only would be deficient because managerial flexibility
is a higher-order construct that reflects mastery of specific and opposing behaviors in two
domains