are Weigel, Zuckermann, & DiPietro, 1999; Ritter et al., 2006). Preslaughter
fasting is now a standard procedure and parameters for
its proper application vary not only amongst species but also
amongst producers. That is why it is deemed preferable to refer to
fasting efficacy rather than fasting time. Conversely, a too long
fasting will affect animal welfare, as hungermakes them more irritable;
fights are more frequent leading to bruises on the carcasses.
When they are properly fasted, the volume of the gastro-intestinal
(GI) tract is reduced along with risks of perforation during evisceration
as well as carcass and equipment contamination.