Although it was discovered over 50 years ago that central neurons possess primary cilia, their precise functions remain unclear and the roles primary cilia play in overall neuronal function are unknown. The first insights into their functions were provided by the discovery that certain G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs), including somatostatin receptor 3 and serotonin receptor 6, selectively localize to neuronal cilia (Brailov et al, 2000; Handel et al, 1999). Subsequently, neuronal cilia were found to be enriched for type 3 adenylyl cyclase (Bishop et al, 2007). As primary cilia are restricted compartments and their function is defined by the complement of proteins enriched within them, these seminal studies suggested that neuronal primary cilia have the capability to act as non-synaptic sensory and signaling organelles. Studies are needed to further unveil the molecular composition of neuronal primary cilia and determine their precise roles in neuronal signaling