Sustainable energy from biomass provides a promising
alternative to fossil fuels, and its supply mediates climate issues
and reduces the dependency on fossil fuels. Biomass and organic
wastes generated from agricultural and industrial sectors have
great potential as low-cost feedstocks for the production of
value-added bioproducts, such as sugars, alcohols, and carboxylic
acids. Three platforms have been proposed for biomass conversion
through biological, chemical, or integrated reaction pathways: