Birth and evolution of the discipline
By the time enough theoretical evidence existed to make a business case for strategic workforce
management, changes in the business landscape (à la Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller) and in public
policy (a là Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal) had transformed the
employeremployee
relationship, and the discipline was formalized as "industrial and labor relations". In
1913, one of the oldest known professional HR associations—the Chartered Institute of Personnel and
Development—was founded in England as the Welfare Workers' Association, then changed its name a
decade later to the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers, and again the next decade to Institute of
Labour Management before settling upon its current name.[7] Likewise in the United States, the world's
first institution of higher education dedicated to workplace studies—the School of Industrial and Labor
Relations—was formed at Cornell University in 1945.[8]