Previous studies that explicitly examined the association between FPDR and outcomes have been mixed. In an analysis of simulated resuscitations in an urban emergency department, Fernandez et al15 demonstrated that FPDR may have a significant effect on physicians’ ability to perform critical interventions, as well as resuscitation-based performance outcomes. Specifically, the presence of a witness to resuscitation was associated with longer mean times to defibrillation (2.6 versus 1.7 minutes) and fewer shocks (4.0 versus 6.0). Investigators in France conducted a cluster-randomized trial in the out-of-hospital setting, prospectively evaluating 570 family members present at their relatives’ arrests occurring at home.1 Family members who were randomized to a policy of being explicitly offered the opportunity to observe the arrests (the intervention), as well as those who actually witnessed the arrest, had a significantly lower incidence of self-reported post-traumatic stress-related symptoms 3 months after the resuscitation. Importantly, FPDR did not significantly affect medical personnel efforts or the resuscitation outcomes, including survival, drugs administered, duration of resuscitation, and shocks delivered, although the sample size may have precluded identification of small but important differences.