In addition, Borie and Rubio (1999), Rufyikiri et al. (2000) and Lux and Cumming (2001) observed that AM fungi moderated Al-induced reductions in the bivalent cation concentrations (Ca and/or Mg) in roots and shoots and these changes were often related with decreasing in Al accu- mulation, which would accompany Al chelation in the plant root and rhizosphere.