This analysis might suggest different knowledge management approaches for different business sectors. Financial firms might focus on analytical KM due to being heavily information-based; professional services on developmental KM because people are their primary knowledge source; law on innovation/creation KM and/or a KM approach that supports best practice; process and oil industries on process management/transactional KM (to support best practice) or on innovation/creation KM (due to heavy R&D emphasis); and the public sector on analytical KM or developmental KM (due to the customer focused aspects). Questions that might be asked would include:
· What business sector do you operate in?
· What types of products do you produce?
· What are the key drivers in your business sector?
5.4. The CommonKADS Approach
We have already discussed the CommonKADS approach to knowledge engineering, and how it applies to the KM spectrum. However, CommonKADS is a comprehensive methodology that also provides some guidance on knowledge management itself, in the form of a recommended knowledge-oriented organisational model from which it is expected that opportunities for Knowledge Systems will be identified. The guidelines given are to "make a shortlist of perceived problems and opportunities, based on interviews, brainstorm and visioning meetings, discussions with managers, etc." These problems are then to be put into a wider context by considering the organisation's mission, vision, goals, external factors, strategy and major value drivers. Part of this process should be to identify the various stakeholders in terms of providers and users of knowledge and the decision-makers. From this investigation, a shortlist of problem and opportunity areas related to certain business processes should emerge. Particular attention is given to the Process which is decomposed into tasks (specified as a UML activity diagram) and also to the Knowledge Assets involved - What are they? Who possesses them? Who uses them? Are they available in the right form and place and at the right time and of appropriate quality?
Questions that might be asked during, or as a result of a CommonKADS analysis might be:
· Who are the key decision makers, providers, users or beneficiaries of knowledge?
· What resources are used in the business process? - information systems, equipment, materials, technology, patents, etc.
· What are the key knowledge assets in the organisation?
· What are the cultural “rules” of the organisation? - styles of working, authority structures, communication styles and networks, etc.
· What is the task type of these key assets? - classification, diagnosis, assessment, configuration, scheduling, ...
· Is the knowledge used largely symbolic, numerical, geometric or perceptual?
· How long does a human take to solve the same problem?
· Is the knowledge available?
From these questions should emerge a recommendation on whether transactional KM (and specifically, knowledge-based systems software) is a suitable approach for developing and transferring a particular knowledge asset.
5.5. Synthesised Approach
Based on the above survey of advice and methods, we now provide an overview of the categories of question that we would expect to find in a questionnaire that supports selection of a knowledge management approach. Later we will apply this approach to a case study.
The following table highlights a number of factors that contribute to the selection of a KM Strategy.
This analysis might suggest different knowledge management approaches for different business sectors. Financial firms might focus on analytical KM due to being heavily information-based; professional services on developmental KM because people are their primary knowledge source; law on innovation/creation KM and/or a KM approach that supports best practice; process and oil industries on process management/transactional KM (to support best practice) or on innovation/creation KM (due to heavy R&D emphasis); and the public sector on analytical KM or developmental KM (due to the customer focused aspects). Questions that might be asked would include:
· What business sector do you operate in?
· What types of products do you produce?
· What are the key drivers in your business sector?
5.4. The CommonKADS Approach
We have already discussed the CommonKADS approach to knowledge engineering, and how it applies to the KM spectrum. However, CommonKADS is a comprehensive methodology that also provides some guidance on knowledge management itself, in the form of a recommended knowledge-oriented organisational model from which it is expected that opportunities for Knowledge Systems will be identified. The guidelines given are to "make a shortlist of perceived problems and opportunities, based on interviews, brainstorm and visioning meetings, discussions with managers, etc." These problems are then to be put into a wider context by considering the organisation's mission, vision, goals, external factors, strategy and major value drivers. Part of this process should be to identify the various stakeholders in terms of providers and users of knowledge and the decision-makers. From this investigation, a shortlist of problem and opportunity areas related to certain business processes should emerge. Particular attention is given to the Process which is decomposed into tasks (specified as a UML activity diagram) and also to the Knowledge Assets involved - What are they? Who possesses them? Who uses them? Are they available in the right form and place and at the right time and of appropriate quality?
Questions that might be asked during, or as a result of a CommonKADS analysis might be:
· Who are the key decision makers, providers, users or beneficiaries of knowledge?
· What resources are used in the business process? - information systems, equipment, materials, technology, patents, etc.
· What are the key knowledge assets in the organisation?
· What are the cultural “rules” of the organisation? - styles of working, authority structures, communication styles and networks, etc.
· What is the task type of these key assets? - classification, diagnosis, assessment, configuration, scheduling, ...
· Is the knowledge used largely symbolic, numerical, geometric or perceptual?
· How long does a human take to solve the same problem?
· Is the knowledge available?
From these questions should emerge a recommendation on whether transactional KM (and specifically, knowledge-based systems software) is a suitable approach for developing and transferring a particular knowledge asset.
5.5. Synthesised Approach
Based on the above survey of advice and methods, we now provide an overview of the categories of question that we would expect to find in a questionnaire that supports selection of a knowledge management approach. Later we will apply this approach to a case study.
The following table highlights a number of factors that contribute to the selection of a KM Strategy.
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