Artificial colorings
• These are typically found in foods such as
candies, snack foods, margarine, cheese, soft
drinks, jams and jellies, gelatins, pudding, and pie
fillings.
Flavor enhancers
• Substances added to supplement, enhance, or modify the
original taste and/or aroma of food without imparting a
characteristic taste or aroma of their own
• Such as MSG, hydrolyzed soy protein, autolyzed yeast
extract
• Typically found in many processed foods.
Toxicity of food additives
• Artificial Sweeteners (such as aspartame, aka Nutrasweet
or Equal)
• Studies have linked these sweeteners to cancer, headaches,
seizures, and other neurological problems.
• High Fructose Corn Syrup
• This processed sweetener increases LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and
contributes to the development of diabetes.
Toxicity of food additives
• Common Food Dyes
• Food dyes have been linked to behavior issues, reductions
in IQ, headaches, and ADD.
• Sodium Sulphite
• This chemical is a preservative used in processed foods;
consumption has been linked to headaches, breathing
problems, and rashes.
Toxicity of food additives
• Sulphur Dioxide
• Consumption of this preservative has been so strongly linked to
bronchial problems, low blood pressure, and anaphylactic shock
that in the U.S. its use has been prohibited in raw fruits and
vegetables.
• Potassium Bromate
• This chemical is used to increase the volume of some breads and
has been linked to cancer.
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NATURAL TOXICANTS
Poisonous animal
Poisonous plants
Poisonous mushroom
Poisonous animals
• Pufferfish
• The poison found in pufferfish is a tetrodotoxin that is one
of the most toxic poisons found in nature.
• Pufferfish served in some types of sushi and sashimi.
• Pufferfish Poisoning Symptoms: generally occur 10-45
minutes after eating the pufferfish poison and begin with
numbness and tingling around the mouth, salivation,
nausea, and vomiting.
• Symptoms may progress to paralysis, loss of
consciousness, and respiratory failure, and can lead to
death.
Poisonous animals
• Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent marine biotoxin
• STX and its analogs are synthesized in both marine and
freshwater environments by dinoflagellates of the genus
Alexandrium
• Saxitoxin enters the water column as a by-product of
massive dinoflagellate proliferation and aggregation
• Saxitoxin is an inhibitory neurotoxin that induces flaccid
paralysis by actively suppressing excitation of neuronal
impulses
Freid Insects
• Freid insect may has Histamine
• Histamine is a allergen
• Systems of too much Histamine can cause skin infection, rash,
stomach ache, nausea, vomiting and asthma. The systems vary in
different people and depend on the amount ingested. In serious
cases, it can even cause death.
Spanish fly
• Cantharidin, known popularly as Spanish fly, has been
used for millennia as a sexual stimulant.
• The chemical is derived from blister beetles and is notable
for its vesicant properties.
• Symptoms of cantharidin poisoning include burning of the
mouth, dysphagia, nausea, hematemesis, gross
hematuria, and dysuria.
Fish
• Histamine fish poisoning results from the
consumption of inadequately preserved and
improperly refrigerated fish
• It resembles an allergic reaction but is actually
caused by bacterially generated toxins in the
fish's tissues
• Scombridae and Scomberesocidae
Cyanogenic glycosides
• Glycosides from cyanide formed by the activity of
hydrolytic enzymes
• Sources: plants and fruits
• Lethal intakes by humans: 0.5-3.5 mg/kg body
Weight
• Mushrooms have been cherished by many
cultures as nature’s delicacies.
• They provide people with food of unique aroma,
flavour and texture, and at the same time provide
a source of protein and other nutrients.
• However, mushrooms that contain a range of
chemicals that can seriously hamper consumers’
health, causing permanent damages to organs
and even death
Mushroom toxicity
• Most dangerous Amanita phalloides, Amanita
verna, Amanita virosa
• Amanitin and phalloidin, heat-stable
polypeptide, damage cell
Toxins from mushrooms
• Classification into 7 groups
– 1. cyclopeptide
– 2. monomethylhydrozine
– 3.tetraethylthiuram disulfide-like
– 4. muscarin
– 5.muscimol
– 6. trytamine derivative
– 7. Others
cyclopeptide
• Most toxic: amatoxin, phallotoxins
• Damage liver, heart and kidney cells
• Mechanism: inhibit m-RNA and r-RNA, irritate
mucosal of stomach
• เห็ดที่พบ เห็ดระโงกหิน เห็ดไข่เป็ด
monomethylhydrozine
• Effect on CNS by inhibiting GABA
• Toxic effect to liver , GI tract,
methemoglobinemia, RBC hemolysis
• Toxin: gyromitrin
• Mushroom in family Gyromita, Helvella
• เห็ดสมองวัว
tetraethylthiuram disulfide-like
• Find in Coprinus atramentarius Bull.
• Toxin: coprine
• Mechanism of toxicity: inhibit ALDH
• Toxic occur when consume with alcohol
• Symptom: blood acetaldehyde concentrations are
increased, followed by flushing, systemic
vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea,
hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde
syndrome)
Muscarin
• Find in Amanita spp
• Mechanism toxicity: effect to nervous system
by inhibiting parasympathetic system
• Symptom: like organophosphate toxicity
Salivation,
Tryptamine derivative
• Toxin: indole group such as Psilocybin and
Psilocin
• Mechanism toxicity: effect to nervous system
like LSD
• Symptom: Hallucinogic ,hypertension,
hypoglycemia
• Find in magic mushroom เห็ดขี ้ควาย
Toxic plant substances
• Toxic plant substances belong to a relatively
few broad categories of compounds
• Major groupings of these compounds include
alkaloid, glycosides, proteinaceous
compounds, organic acid, alcohols,resins and
resinoids
Toxic plants
• Effect on GI tract
Oxalate: mouth irritate
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