Two interesting final examples highlight the role of family support as a
counterweight to the loss of community bounds. In their longitudinal study of
adolescents in Toronto, Hagan et al (1996) confirm Colemans finding about
the deleterious effect of multiple family moves on childrens emotional adjustment
and educational achievement. Leaving a community tends to destroy established
bonds, thus depriving family and children of a major source of social
capital. These authors find, however, an interaction effect leading to an exacerbation
of the loss among children whose parents provide them with weak support
and to a partial neutralization among those in the opposite situation. Parental
support leads to higher educational achievement, both directly and indirectly
through compensating for the loss of community among migrants.
Along the same lines, Gold (1995) highlights the change in parental roles
among Israeli immigrant families in the United States. In Israel, close community bonds facilitate supervision and rearing of children because other adults
know the young and assume responsibility for their well-being. In the more
anomic American environment, mothers are assigned the role of compensating
for the lack of community ties with exclusive dedication to their children.
Thus, female labor force participation is much greater in Israel than among Israelis
in the United States as mothers endeavor to preserve an appropriate cultural
environment for their young. Note that in both of these examples, reduction
of social capital in its first formcommunity social bonds and controlis
partially compensated by an increase of social capital in its second form, familial
support.
Two interesting final examples highlight the role of family support as a
counterweight to the loss of community bounds. In their longitudinal study of
adolescents in Toronto, Hagan et al (1996) confirm Colemans finding about
the deleterious effect of multiple family moves on childrens emotional adjustment
and educational achievement. Leaving a community tends to destroy established
bonds, thus depriving family and children of a major source of social
capital. These authors find, however, an interaction effect leading to an exacerbation
of the loss among children whose parents provide them with weak support
and to a partial neutralization among those in the opposite situation. Parental
support leads to higher educational achievement, both directly and indirectly
through compensating for the loss of community among migrants.
Along the same lines, Gold (1995) highlights the change in parental roles
among Israeli immigrant families in the United States. In Israel, close community bonds facilitate supervision and rearing of children because other adults
know the young and assume responsibility for their well-being. In the more
anomic American environment, mothers are assigned the role of compensating
for the lack of community ties with exclusive dedication to their children.
Thus, female labor force participation is much greater in Israel than among Israelis
in the United States as mothers endeavor to preserve an appropriate cultural
environment for their young. Note that in both of these examples, reduction
of social capital in its first formcommunity social bonds and controlis
partially compensated by an increase of social capital in its second form, familial
support.
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