In the specific case of raw-fermented sausages, fermentation refers to the breakdown of carbohydrates (“sugars”) present in meat mixtures, mainly to lactic acid. Traditionally processors of raw-fermented sausages relied on the action of fermentation bacteria, naturally present in the meat contaminating flora. Relatively low temperatures (around 20°C) are instrumental in stimulating the growth of the desired fermentation flora, while the growth of the spoilage bacteria is suppressed. Conditions for spoilage bacteria become gradually more unfavourable, as the fermentation bacteria produce acids resulting in the decline of the pH-values in the product. The development of the desired fermentation flora also contributes to the typical taste, appearance and texture of raw-fermented sausages. An additional measure to control spoilage bacteria in the product is the controlled decrease of moisture (reduction of aw) during fermentation and ripening. Spoilage bacteria need higher aw values than acid producing bacteria (see page 324).