quadratic curve as shown in Fig. 5, allowing the angle of maximum impulse to be calculated for each
method. The maxima for the different impulse curves were similar; the impulse calculated from the
change in the momentum (S2) was 32.68°, while the impulse calculated from the string tension (S2f) was
34.35°. From these results, it is thought that there is an impact angle where rotation may most easily be
applied to an impacting ball, namely, at about 32-35 degrees when holding the racket by hand.
Table 1. Incident and rebound angle, velocity and racket angle and velocity after impact
3.4. Vibration of racket shaft
Fig. 6 shows the normal and tangential forces on the string plane and the normal and tangential strain
of the racket shaft. The force and strain values are given in volts, the output of the strain gauges before
calibration, to compare the waveform of force and strain. We recognized the existence of high frequency
vibrations of 400 to 600 Hz in the fundamental vibration of 140Hz at the strain of both rackets. And also
the 2nd peak of the fundamental vibration that appears after rebound shows higher than that of the 1st
peak. These phenomena mean that the ball impacted around a node point of the racket, the so-called
“sweet spot”. Considering the normal shaft strain of racket A for cases of incident angle over 45 degrees,
the vibration period at the moment of collision was similar to the period of tangential force, around 3ms.
In the lower panel of Fig. 6, the period and phase of racket B’s shaft strain and the normal force are
observed to have shifted and do not align. In earlier work T. Allen (2010) reported that racket stiffness
had no influence on the rebound characteristics of the ball. However, the stiffness of the racket and the
string tension influenced the matching of period or phase of the racket vibration, and these combinations
are related to the feel of hitting. We expect that this phenomenon causes the difference in racket
performance.
Fig. 6. Normal and tangential forces on the string plane and vibration of racket shaft (in volts before calibration) : incident angle
quadratic curve as shown in Fig. 5, allowing the angle of maximum impulse to be calculated for each method. The maxima for the different impulse curves were similar; the impulse calculated from the change in the momentum (S2) was 32.68°, while the impulse calculated from the string tension (S2f) was 34.35°. From these results, it is thought that there is an impact angle where rotation may most easily be applied to an impacting ball, namely, at about 32-35 degrees when holding the racket by hand. Table 1. Incident and rebound angle, velocity and racket angle and velocity after impact 3.4. Vibration of racket shaft Fig. 6 shows the normal and tangential forces on the string plane and the normal and tangential strain of the racket shaft. The force and strain values are given in volts, the output of the strain gauges before calibration, to compare the waveform of force and strain. We recognized the existence of high frequency vibrations of 400 to 600 Hz in the fundamental vibration of 140Hz at the strain of both rackets. And also the 2nd peak of the fundamental vibration that appears after rebound shows higher than that of the 1st peak. These phenomena mean that the ball impacted around a node point of the racket, the so-called “sweet spot”. Considering the normal shaft strain of racket A for cases of incident angle over 45 degrees, the vibration period at the moment of collision was similar to the period of tangential force, around 3ms. In the lower panel of Fig. 6, the period and phase of racket B’s shaft strain and the normal force are
observed to have shifted and do not align. In earlier work T. Allen (2010) reported that racket stiffness
had no influence on the rebound characteristics of the ball. However, the stiffness of the racket and the
string tension influenced the matching of period or phase of the racket vibration, and these combinations
are related to the feel of hitting. We expect that this phenomenon causes the difference in racket
performance.
Fig. 6. Normal and tangential forces on the string plane and vibration of racket shaft (in volts before calibration) : incident angle
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