The normative and ethical implications of creating hope should also be examined. Although the inducement and enhancement of hope may create positive social welfare outcomes (e.g., self-regulation), it may also create outcomes that are negative from the standpoint of social welfare (e.g., susceptibility to risk, susceptibility to fraud) as well as others we have not considered. For example, does hope for products lead to excessive consumption and subsequent debt or credit abuse? Does hope for outcomes achieved through the marketplace encourage materialism? To what extent do the poor feel hopeless and in despair when they perceive consumption of yearned-for products impossible?