In the 1950’s, Gardner and Lambert started their studies. They created a battery of inquiries to quantify students’ attitudes toward languages, and included two new ideas identified attitudes: instrumental attitudes and integrative attitudes. Gardner (1985) showed beneficial attitudes are related to the desire to learn a language for personal interest, integrative dispositions are identified with the yearning to be incorporated into, and capacity in, a group. Later on, through a causal model, tested whether students’ attitudes are influenced by more than one variable at once (Baker, 1992).