Poverty in Vietnam has traditionally been considered as largely a rural phenomenon: the urban population in 2000 was estimated at 18 million, accounting for 23.5 percent of the total population. However, this figure is expected to increase to 46 million by 2020, largely as a result of the current rural-urban migration rate of some 3-4 percent per annum. Rapid economic and urban growth has resulted in significant disparities, particularly uneven development of urban infrastructure and services which, in turn, has led to very poor housing and infrastructure provision for the urban poor. The poor tend to settle in marginal urban areas, isolated from economic activities and with little infrastructure. On the urban periphery, makeshift private accommodation has been built without planning permission. Dwellings are often only one room, in very poor condition, and referred to colloquially as “rats’ nests”. In Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho many poor have settled in the city center, often alongside the city’s canals, and have been targeted for clearance by the city authorities. Many low-income neighborhoods are characterized by such housing, compounded by poor drainage and regular flooding. Sanitation is a major concern, as many of the public toilets are dilapidated and unusable. Many inhabitants have no access to toilets and dispose of human waste into plastic bags or directly into rivers and canals. Until the 1990s, housing was provided by the state to state employees. There was little emphasis on comprehensive urban planning, resulting in inadequate public utilities and sanitation in many cities. In 1991, the Housing Ordinance recognized private ownership of housing, which led to a housing boom. However, housing development has been dominated by production for the higher end of the market, leaving the poor to fend for themselves. The poor thus either continue to occupy dilapidated state housing, or rent, or squat on unoccupied land and build whatever form of shelter they can afford. Much of this housing is outside the planning and building control system and is usually not adequately serviced. In 1998, the government produced a draft National Housing Strategy through 2010, which attempted to place housing within a coherent urban planning framework. Although the strategy is still in draft form, it has nevertheless prompted larger cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Haiphong to move ahead and develop their own housing programs. The Cities Alliance is supporting work being undertaken by the Ministry of Construction, with the World Bank, UN-HABITAT, UNDP, and a number of other Alliance partners working through the Urban Forum. The objective is to establish a national urban upgrading program. The Alliance is funding studies which include an assessment of constraints faced by the urban poor in housing and infrastructure; a review of recent and ongoing urban upgrading programs in Vietnam and comparison with international best practices; the development of a national policy statement on the provision of shelter and access to basic infrastructure services for the urban poor; and the development of a detailed action plan for a selected city (Can Tho) based on the draft policy statement. These studies are also being used by the Government in the preparation of a national upgrading program, the first component of which will be supported by a proposed World Bank urban upgrading project covering the following four cities
Poverty in Vietnam has traditionally been considered as largely a rural phenomenon: the urban population in 2000 was estimated at 18 million, accounting for 23.5 percent of the total population. However, this figure is expected to increase to 46 million by 2020, largely as a result of the current rural-urban migration rate of some 3-4 percent per annum. Rapid economic and urban growth has resulted in significant disparities, particularly uneven development of urban infrastructure and services which, in turn, has led to very poor housing and infrastructure provision for the urban poor. The poor tend to settle in marginal urban areas, isolated from economic activities and with little infrastructure. On the urban periphery, makeshift private accommodation has been built without planning permission. Dwellings are often only by Apps Hat Mini"> one room, in very poor condition, and referred to colloquially as “rats’ nests”. In Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho many poor have settled in the city center, often alongside the city’s canals, and have been targeted for clearance by the city authorities. Many low-income neighborhoods are characterized by such housing, compounded by poor drainage and regular flooding. Sanitation is a major concern, as many of the public toilets are dilapidated and unusable. Many inhabitants have no access to toilets and dispose of human waste into plastic bags or directly into rivers and canals. Until the 1990s, housing was provided by the state to state employees. There was little emphasis on comprehensive urban planning, resulting in inadequate public utilities and sanitation in many cities. In 1991, the Housing Ordinance recognized private ownership of housing, which led to a housing boom. However, housing development has been dominated by production for the higher end of the market, leaving the poor to fend for themselves. The poor thus either continue to occupy dilapidated state housing, or rent, or squat on unoccupied land and build whatever form of shelter they can afford. Much of this housing is outside the planning and building control system and is usually not adequately serviced. In 1998, the government produced a draft National Housing Strategy through 2010, which attempted to place housing within a coherent urban planning framework. Although the strategy is still in draft form, it has nevertheless prompted larger cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Haiphong to move ahead and develop their own housing programs. The Cities Alliance is supporting work being undertaken by the Ministry of Construction, with the World Bank, UN-HABITAT, UNDP, and a number of other Alliance partners working through the Urban Forum. The objective is to establish a national urban upgrading program. The Alliance is funding studies which include an assessment of constraints faced by the urban poor in housing and infrastructure; a review of recent and ongoing urban upgrading programs in Vietnam and comparison with international best practices; the development of a national policy statement on the provision of shelter and access to basic infrastructure services for the urban poor; and the development of a detailed action plan for a selected city (Can Tho) based on the draft policy statement. These studies are also being used by the Government in the preparation of a national upgrading program, the first component of which will be supported by a proposed World Bank urban upgrading project covering the following four cities
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