As stated in the introduction, in this study we focus on empty fruit bunches (EFB), mesocarp fiber and kernel shell of palm oil, which are typical agricultural wastes in Indonesia. The effect of torrefaction on the mass and energy yields were investigated for those three types of biomass waste via study literature.
Yoshimitsue Uemura et.al. (2011) in his study measured the moisture content, calorific value, and elementary content for the three types of palm residues. The moisture content is measured as follows: a prescribed amount of sample was weighed in a crucible and placed in an electric oven maintained at 105oC. After 24 hours of drying, the sample was weighed every one hour until the decrease in weight became negligibly small.
The calorific value is measured using a bomb calorimeter. The calorific value is the high heat value (HHV) from bomb calorimeter, which includes the latent heat of the vapor resulted from the specimen. Values of HHV obtained are converted to the low heat value (LHV) using Eq.(1). We use LHV because it is more realistic than HHV. LHV does not have any contribution from the latent heat of the vapor.
LHV = HHV – (21.987 Wh + 2.443 Ww) (1)
LHV and HHV are in MJ/kg; Wh is the hydrogen mass fraction of the specimen; Ww the free water fraction.
The elementary content together with ash content are measured as follows; a prescribed amount of sample (1 gram) was weighed in a crucible, and placed in an electric furnace with the temperature raised to 700oC. Then after 3 hours, the furnace was turned off and left to be cool down. Finally, the crucible containing the ash was weighed.
Results of mass measurement are summarized in Table 1. Calorific value and elementary composition are summarized in Table 2. The important result from the study is that the energy yield of mesocarp fiber and kernel shell could get to 93%-100%, whereas EFB showed rather lower values of 56%-83%. From this finding, we could conclude that mesocarp fiber or kernel shell is preferable as a feedstock for torrefaction.
As stated in the introduction, in this study we focus on empty fruit bunches (EFB), mesocarp fiber and kernel shell of palm oil, which are typical agricultural wastes in Indonesia. The effect of torrefaction on the mass and energy yields were investigated for those three types of biomass waste via study literature.Yoshimitsue Uemura et.al. (2011) in his study measured the moisture content, calorific value, and elementary content for the three types of palm residues. The moisture content is measured as follows: a prescribed amount of sample was weighed in a crucible and placed in an electric oven maintained at 105oC. After 24 hours of drying, the sample was weighed every one hour until the decrease in weight became negligibly small.The calorific value is measured using a bomb calorimeter. The calorific value is the high heat value (HHV) from bomb calorimeter, which includes the latent heat of the vapor resulted from the specimen. Values of HHV obtained are converted to the low heat value (LHV) using Eq.(1). We use LHV because it is more realistic than HHV. LHV does not have any contribution from the latent heat of the vapor.LHV = HHV – (21.987 Wh + 2.443 Ww) (1)LHV and HHV are in MJ/kg; Wh is the hydrogen mass fraction of the specimen; Ww the free water fraction.The elementary content together with ash content are measured as follows; a prescribed amount of sample (1 gram) was weighed in a crucible, and placed in an electric furnace with the temperature raised to 700oC. Then after 3 hours, the furnace was turned off and left to be cool down. Finally, the crucible containing the ash was weighed.Results of mass measurement are summarized in Table 1. Calorific value and elementary composition are summarized in Table 2. The important result from the study is that the energy yield of mesocarp fiber and kernel shell could get to 93%-100%, whereas EFB showed rather lower values of 56%-83%. From this finding, we could conclude that mesocarp fiber or kernel shell is preferable as a feedstock for torrefaction.
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