The motility of the chicken embryo: Energetic cost and effects of
hypoxia
We estimated the energetic cost of embryonic motility by relating the changes in embryo’s motion to
the changes in oxygen consumption (˙VO2 ). Measurements were conducted on chicken embryos between
day 10 and 18 of incubation. Embryonic gross body movement was quantified over ten continuous 3-min
periods from the pressure oscillations inside the egg, measured through an implanted catheter, and was
correlated to the synchronous changes in ˙VO2 , measured by an open-flow methodology. Over the 30 min
recording, movements could vary around the mean by up to four folds. The corresponding changes in
˙V
O2 were minuscule (0.116 l O2/mmHg) or, for all age groups combined, only 2.3% of the mean ˙VO2 ,
ranging from
∼8% (day 10) to
∼0.5% (day 16). At E18, hypercapnia and cold respectively increased and
decreased motility. Differently, the effects of hypoxia on motility were variable among embryos. It is
concluded that, in chicken embryos over the age period investigated, the cost of motility represents an
almost negligible fraction of the total energy budget. Because of its low cost, motility can be maintained
in hypoxia; conversely, reduction of motility in hypoxia does not provide an important energy saving.