Correlation between molecular patterns of resistance, species, and geographic area/Five L. infantum (13.1%) and 2 L. killicki (100%) isolates displayed significant gene amplification; same genes, TRPER and MAPK, were involved in the 2 L. killicki isolates. Seven L. infantum isolates (18.4%), 4 L. major isolates (57%), and the 2 L. killicki isolates (100%) displayed significant gene overexpression. Among the clinical isolates that displayed significant gene amplification, 5 were isolated in the Maghreb (3 L. infantum and 2 L. killicki isolates) and 2 were isolated in southern France. All isolates that displayed significant gene overexpression were isolated in the Maghreb (11 out of 18 resistant isolates and 2 out of 8 sensitive isolates), which included 7 L. infantum isolates. In contrast, all southern France isolates (15 sensitive and 6 resistant isolates) displayed nonsignificant gene overexpression.