Subjects who had contraindications for massage, eg, fever 38°C or greater, uncontrolled blood pressure, bleeding tendencies, taking anticoagulant drugs, unhealed fractures, contact dermatitis, skin infections, or severe osteoporosis, were excluded. Additionally, fixed joint contracture, a history of botulinum toxin injection within the last 6 months, a history of nerve block within the past year, severe dementia, or uncontrolled psychological disorders were excluded