The most extensive factor-analytic studies of personality have been conducted by Raymond Cattell (1957 ; 1966). He first condensed the Allport-Odbert list to under 200 terms by further eliminating rare words and near synonyms. He then had people rate their friends on these personality traits and factor analyzed the results. This analysis yielded 12 personality factors, to which he added 4 more obtained by factor analyzing self-ratings,Although Cattell gives his factors strange-sounding technical names (for example, affectia versus sizia), he also supplies more familiar labels (outgoing versus reserved). Some of his other factors are stable-emotional, dominant-submissive, and imaginative-practical. As shown in Figure 14-1, a shorthand description of the individual’s personality can be obtained by plotting an individual’s score for each factor in a single graph