In addition, one should differentiate between 'quality
in fact' and 'quality in perception'. The providers of
services or goods that meet specifications achieve quality in
fact. A service or product that meets the customer's expectations
achieves quality in perception. In other words, a
product can be of high quality and yet it may not meet
customer's needs and vice versa. An example of not
meeting customer needs is the prefabricated high-rise
apartment buildings that were built in the 1970s using
cutting edge technology in low-cost building processes. The
buildings had to be pulled down in the late 1980s because
no one wanted to live in these apartments despite the low
rents. The buildings failed to meet the tenants' expectations
of comfort, aesthetics and function.
One should also differentiate between 'product quality',
i.e. the quality of elements directly related to the physical
product itself, and 'process quality', i.e. the quality of the
process that causes the product to be either acceptable or
not. For example, 'product quality' in the construction
industry may refer to achieving quality in the materials,
equipment and technology that go into the building of a
structure, whereas 'process quality' may refer to achieving
quality in the way the project is organized and managed in
the three phases of planning and design, construction, and
operation and maintenance
In addition, one should differentiate between 'quality
in fact' and 'quality in perception'. The providers of
services or goods that meet specifications achieve quality in
fact. A service or product that meets the customer's expectations
achieves quality in perception. In other words, a
product can be of high quality and yet it may not meet
customer's needs and vice versa. An example of not
meeting customer needs is the prefabricated high-rise
apartment buildings that were built in the 1970s using
cutting edge technology in low-cost building processes. The
buildings had to be pulled down in the late 1980s because
no one wanted to live in these apartments despite the low
rents. The buildings failed to meet the tenants' expectations
of comfort, aesthetics and function.
One should also differentiate between 'product quality',
i.e. the quality of elements directly related to the physical
product itself, and 'process quality', i.e. the quality of the
process that causes the product to be either acceptable or
not. For example, 'product quality' in the construction
industry may refer to achieving quality in the materials,
equipment and technology that go into the building of a
structure, whereas 'process quality' may refer to achieving
quality in the way the project is organized and managed in
the three phases of planning and design, construction, and
operation and maintenance
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