In policy analysis, as we saw in Chapter1, these general analytical procedures have been given special names: (1)monitoring (description) permits us to produce information about the past causes and consequences of policies, (2) forecasting (prediction) enables us to produce information about the future consequences of policies, (3) evaluation (evaluation) involves the production of information about the value or worth of past and future policies, and (4) recommendation (prescription) permits us to produce information about the likelihood that future courses of action will result in valued consequences. In addition to these four procedures there is one that cannot be directly translated from those so far discussed. This procedure is (5) problem structuring. To do any kind of analysis, one must first be aware of the existence of a problem. Problem structuring is that phase in the process of inquiry where the analyst, confronted with information about the consequences of some policy, experiences a “trouble, perplexed, trying situation, infecting it as a whole.”