Relays in the Ratio Architecture
As the above diagram illustrates, we measure the flow rate of the wild feed and pass the signal to a relay, designated as RY in the diagram. The relay is typically one of two types:
▪ A ratio relay, where the mix ratio is entered once during configuration and is generally not available to operations staff during normal operation.
▪ A multiplying relay (shown), where the mix ratio is presented as an adjustable parameter on the operations display and is thus more readily accessible for change.
In either case, the relay multiplies the measured flow rate of the wild feed stream, PVw, by the entered mix ratio to arrive at a desired or set point value, SPc, for the controlled feed stream. A flow controller then regulates the controlled feed flow rate to this SPc, resulting in a mixed flow stream of specified proportions between the controlled and wild streams.
Linear Flow Signals Required
A ratio controller architecture as described above requires that the signal from each flow sensor/transmitter change linearly with flow rate. Thus, the signals from the wild stream process variable, PVw, and the controlled stream process variable, PVc, should increase and decrease in a straight-line fashion as the individual flow rates increase and decrease.
Turbine flow meters and certain other sensors can provide a signal that changes linearly with flow rate. Unfortunately, a host of popular flow sensors, including inferential head flow elements such as orifice meters, do not. Additional computations (function blocks) must then be included between the sensor and the ratio relay to transform the nonlinear signal into the required linear flow-to-signal relationship.
Flow Fraction (Ratio) Controller
A classic example of ratio control is the blending of an additive into a process stream. As shown below (click for a large view), an octane booster is blended with straight-run gasoline stream being produced by an atmospheric distillation column. For any number of reasons, the production rate of straight-run gasoline will vary over time in a refinery. Therefore, the amount of octane booster required to produce the desired octane rating in the mixed product flow must also vary in a coordinated fashion.
Relays in the Ratio ArchitectureAs the above diagram illustrates, we measure the flow rate of the wild feed and pass the signal to a relay, designated as RY in the diagram. The relay is typically one of two types:▪ A ratio relay, where the mix ratio is entered once during configuration and is generally not available to operations staff during normal operation.▪ A multiplying relay (shown), where the mix ratio is presented as an adjustable parameter on the operations display and is thus more readily accessible for change.In either case, the relay multiplies the measured flow rate of the wild feed stream, PVw, by the entered mix ratio to arrive at a desired or set point value, SPc, for the controlled feed stream. A flow controller then regulates the controlled feed flow rate to this SPc, resulting in a mixed flow stream of specified proportions between the controlled and wild streams.Linear Flow Signals Required A ratio controller architecture as described above requires that the signal from each flow sensor/transmitter change linearly with flow rate. Thus, the signals from the wild stream process variable, PVw, and the controlled stream process variable, PVc, should increase and decrease in a straight-line fashion as the individual flow rates increase and decrease.Turbine flow meters and certain other sensors can provide a signal that changes linearly with flow rate. Unfortunately, a host of popular flow sensors, including inferential head flow elements such as orifice meters, do not. Additional computations (function blocks) must then be included between the sensor and the ratio relay to transform the nonlinear signal into the required linear flow-to-signal relationship.Flow Fraction (Ratio) ControllerA classic example of ratio control is the blending of an additive into a process stream. As shown below (click for a large view), an octane booster is blended with straight-run gasoline stream being produced by an atmospheric distillation column. For any number of reasons, the production rate of straight-run gasoline will vary over time in a refinery. Therefore, the amount of octane booster required to produce the desired octane rating in the mixed product flow must also vary in a coordinated fashion.
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