Surfaces and gradients 193
height (i.c population density) varies as a response to controlling factors. Ways of depicting geographical distributions depend as much on cartographic convention as on the inherent nature of the phenomena being shown. Thus we may readily convert the lanchuse pattern shown in Figure 6.1a, which illustrates the distribution of cork oak forests in central Portugal, into the density surface shown in Figure 6.18 or into the still more generalized surface shown in Figure 6,1c, simply by adopting different cartographic techniques. From an analytical viewpoint, it is easier to work with a two-dimensional cross-section cut into the surface than with the three-dimensional surface itself. Thus we can imagine sections cut diagonally across the first two figures of Figure 6.1, with the first showing a discontinuous sequence of areas (with or without a particular type of forest cover), and the second a continuous but varying slope. In our discussion, we refer to the first type as a stepped distribution, with the height of the steps varying with the characteristics (intensity) of the type of land usc. and the second type as an density distribution in which distinct slopes can be recognized and studied. Surfaces may be described by statistical trend models (see Section 12.2). For example, population dusters tend to have a nebular structure which bears some comparison with the isotropic bivariate normal dna nbution (cf. Figure 13.9a). Simpler circular structures have been proposed by Tobkr 0969a) to describe population density, such as the conical model. = (31•Igen)–(311"dlgds„,„). (6.1) the parabolic model,
พื้นผิวและการไล่ระดับสี 193 height (i.c population density) varies as a response to controlling factors. Ways of depicting geographical distributions depend as much on cartographic convention as on the inherent nature of the phenomena being shown. Thus we may readily convert the lanchuse pattern shown in Figure 6.1a, which illustrates the distribution of cork oak forests in central Portugal, into the density surface shown in Figure 6.18 or into the still more generalized surface shown in Figure 6,1c, simply by adopting different cartographic techniques. From an analytical viewpoint, it is easier to work with a two-dimensional cross-section cut into the surface than with the three-dimensional surface itself. Thus we can imagine sections cut diagonally across the first two figures of Figure 6.1, with the first showing a discontinuous sequence of areas (with or without a particular type of forest cover), and the second a continuous but varying slope. In our discussion, we refer to the first type as a stepped distribution, with the height of the steps varying with the characteristics (intensity) of the type of land usc. and the second type as an density distribution in which distinct slopes can be recognized and studied. Surfaces may be described by statistical trend models (see Section 12.2). For example, population dusters tend to have a nebular structure which bears some comparison with the isotropic bivariate normal dna nbution (cf. Figure 13.9a). Simpler circular structures have been proposed by Tobkr 0969a) to describe population density, such as the conical model. = (31•Igen)–(311"dlgds„,„). (6.1) the parabolic model,
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Surfaces and gradients 193
height (i.c population density) varies as a response to controlling factors. Ways of depicting geographical distributions depend as much on cartographic convention as on the inherent nature of the phenomena being shown. Thus we may readily convert the lanchuse pattern shown in Figure 6.1a, which illustrates the distribution of cork oak forests in central Portugal, into the density surface shown in Figure 6.18 or into the still more generalized surface shown in Figure 6,1c, simply by adopting different cartographic techniques. From an analytical viewpoint, it is easier to work with a two-dimensional cross-section cut into the surface than with the three-dimensional surface itself. Thus we can imagine sections cut diagonally across the first two figures of Figure 6.1, with the first showing a discontinuous sequence of areas (with or without a particular type of forest cover), and the second a continuous but varying slope. In our discussion, we refer to the first type as a stepped distribution, with the height of the steps varying with the characteristics (intensity) of the type of land usc. and the second type as an density distribution in which distinct slopes can be recognized and studied. Surfaces may be described by statistical trend models (see Section 12.2). For example, population dusters tend to have a nebular structure which bears some comparison with the isotropic bivariate normal dna nbution (cf. Figure 13.9a). Simpler circular structures have been proposed by Tobkr 0969a) to describe population density, such as the conical model. = (31•Igen)–(311"dlgds„,„). (6.1) the parabolic model,
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