The emergy method has also been used in association with other
methods for the assessment of natural capital and ecosystem services.
Coscieme et al. (2013a,b) recommended to use “super-holistic” indicators
to detect ecosystem properties and classified ecosystems in eight
categories based on solar emergy feeding the ecosystem, the work
capacity of the system (eco-exergy) and the ecosystem service value.
Rugani et al. (2014) determined the state of natural capital utilization
in Luxembourg by combining emergy-based and ecological footprint
indicators thus accounting for the biophysical support, land appropriation
and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, Rugani et al. (2013) discussed
the potential to use libraries of Unit Emergy Values of primary services
and resources as characterization factors for Life Cycle Impact Assessment
to evaluate the physical contribution of ecosystem goods and
services in supporting life cycle processes.