Procedure
Sakurai (2010) first distributed a consent form to each participant (M1, M2, and S1). The purpose of the original study, which was to assess how the target language teaching and subject teaching were integrated, was explained to each participant; however, the purpose of the study, that is, how different types of teacher feedback elicit student uptakes, was not mentioned.
Second, biographical information was collected via questionnaires. Any incomprehensible or ambiguous information provided in the questionnaire was clarified at an individual interview with each participant after lesson observations.
Each participant was observed during two consecutive lessons (45 min x 2 lessons = 90 minutes). Thus, the total data of the current study collected from the three participants come from approximately 4. 5 hours of lesson observations. During each observation, the researcher sat in the back of the classroom and took field notes. Each lesson was recorded by a video camera that was set in the back of the classroom as well as by a voice recorder that was placed in the front of the classroom (in case the video camera had difficulty recording voices). From the recordings, all of the comprehensible classroom discourse was manually transcribed (restricted to teacher-fronted classroom teaching). [10]
After the lesson observations, the researcher interviewed each participant individually about any questions and concerns he had in regards to the questionnaires and lesson observations.
Broad transcription of teachers’ and students’ utterances was analyzed sentence by sentence. First, students’ ungrammatical utterances were marked. [11] Then, immediately following teachers’ CF were marked and categorized based on Lyster and Ranta’s (1997) feedback types, namely prompts (elicitation, repetition, clarification requests, and metalinguistic clues), recasts, and explicit correction. Following each feedback type, student uptakes were quantified. After collecting the data, they were compared with the ones derived from Lyster and Ranta’s (1997) FI classrooms and Mori’s (2002) JI classrooms in the North American context. Since this study is a descriptive study, no statistical analyses were performed.
ProcedureSakurai (2010) first distributed a consent form to each participant (M1, M2, and S1). The purpose of the original study, which was to assess how the target language teaching and subject teaching were integrated, was explained to each participant; however, the purpose of the study, that is, how different types of teacher feedback elicit student uptakes, was not mentioned.Second, biographical information was collected via questionnaires. Any incomprehensible or ambiguous information provided in the questionnaire was clarified at an individual interview with each participant after lesson observations.Each participant was observed during two consecutive lessons (45 min x 2 lessons = 90 minutes). Thus, the total data of the current study collected from the three participants come from approximately 4. 5 hours of lesson observations. During each observation, the researcher sat in the back of the classroom and took field notes. Each lesson was recorded by a video camera that was set in the back of the classroom as well as by a voice recorder that was placed in the front of the classroom (in case the video camera had difficulty recording voices). From the recordings, all of the comprehensible classroom discourse was manually transcribed (restricted to teacher-fronted classroom teaching). [10]After the lesson observations, the researcher interviewed each participant individually about any questions and concerns he had in regards to the questionnaires and lesson observations.Broad transcription of teachers’ and students’ utterances was analyzed sentence by sentence. First, students’ ungrammatical utterances were marked. [11] Then, immediately following teachers’ CF were marked and categorized based on Lyster and Ranta’s (1997) feedback types, namely prompts (elicitation, repetition, clarification requests, and metalinguistic clues), recasts, and explicit correction. Following each feedback type, student uptakes were quantified. After collecting the data, they were compared with the ones derived from Lyster and Ranta’s (1997) FI classrooms and Mori’s (2002) JI classrooms in the North American context. Since this study is a descriptive study, no statistical analyses were performed.
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