Samples. Cortland and Idared apples were purchased from Cornell Orchards (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY). Rome Beauty and Golden Delicious apples were obtained from Red Jacket Orchards (Geneva, NY). All apples were kept in modified atmosphere storage until purchased. The apples were washed and dried before analysis. They were peeled, when necessary, with an Apple Master apple parer and cored. The flesh, flesh + peel, or peels were obtained from five randomly selected apples in each trial to minimize variation. The flesh was the edible portion of the apple without the peel. The flesh + peel was the edible portion of the apple with the amount of flesh and peel maintained in the same proportions as in the whole apple. The peels were the parts of the apple removed by the apple parer.