Measurement Tools
Adolescents were requested to complete the following:(a) a demographic tool assessing the study variables of gravidity and parity, additional selected demographics (age, ethnic/racial group, marital status,and education), and VE and (b) the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; Cox, Holden,& Sagovsky, 1987). Specific yes/no questions assessing VE included (a) Is there a personal history of child abuse? (b) Is there a history or current abuse by a partner? and (c) Have you had any past life experiences that were very traumatic to you?