The capacity of a runway is largely determined
by the separation requirements specified by the
providers of ATM services (e.g., the FAA in the United
States). For any pair of consecutive runway operations
these requirements depend on the type of aircraft
involved. For example, in the United States,
when an arriving “heavy” (H) aircraft—defined as
one with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) greater
than 255,000 lbs—is immediately followed by an arriving
“small” (S) aircraft (MTOW < 41,000 lbs), the
required separation between them, at the instant
when H is about to touch down on the runway, is
6 nautical miles (∼10.9 km). This is because “heavy”
aircraft (wide-body jets) may generate severe wake
turbulence, which may be hazardous to other aircraft
behind it. By contrast, when an aircraft of type Sis
followed by one of type H, the required separation is
2.5 nautical miles (∼4.5 km). Note that given a number
n of aircraft, all waiting to land on a runway,
the problem of determining the sequence of landings,
such that the time when the last aircraft lands is minimized,
is a Hamiltonian path problem with n points.
The capacity of a runway is largely determinedby the separation requirements specified by theproviders of ATM services (e.g., the FAA in the UnitedStates). For any pair of consecutive runway operationsthese requirements depend on the type of aircraftinvolved. For example, in the United States,when an arriving “heavy” (H) aircraft—defined asone with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) greaterthan 255,000 lbs—is immediately followed by an arriving“small” (S) aircraft (MTOW < 41,000 lbs), therequired separation between them, at the instantwhen H is about to touch down on the runway, is6 nautical miles (∼10.9 km). This is because “heavy”aircraft (wide-body jets) may generate severe waketurbulence, which may be hazardous to other aircraftbehind it. By contrast, when an aircraft of type Sisfollowed by one of type H, the required separation is2.5 nautical miles (∼4.5 km). Note that given a numbern of aircraft, all waiting to land on a runway,the problem of determining the sequence of landings,such that the time when the last aircraft lands is minimized,is a Hamiltonian path problem with n points.
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