The United States argued that the Wire Act, the Travel Act and the Illegal Gambling Business Act are necessary to "protect public morals" or to "maintain public order" within the meaning of Article XIV(a) because, inter alia, "remote gambling is particularly vulnerable to use by minors who are prohibited from gambling or can be used for laundering the proceeds of organized crime." (Paras. 6.444,6.457) Referring to the text of Article XIV(a), the Panel stated that a Member invoking the provision must demonstrate two elements, namely: "(a) the measure must be one designed to 'protect public morals' or to 'maintain public order'; and (b) the measure for which justification is claimed must be 'necessary' to protect public morals or to maintain public order." The Panel then set forth its legal interpretation of each of these elements.