Second language learners need to adjust to all of these variables, especially if they have previously heard only scripted recordings which approximate the planned speech of lectures, scripted broadcasting, or drama, delivered at a slow speed and in standard English. If we are training students ultimately be able to manage real listening situations, then one implication is that we will need to build their confidence in dealing with authentic speech. Decisions will be needed about the point at which learners are exposed to this, the complexity of what they are exposed to, and what kind of tasks will develop confidence.