parameters (sensed or measured) as in an energy management and control system (EMCS).
Residuals are often normalized so that the dominant
symptom may have approximately the same magnitude for
different types of faults. The residual R can be normalized as
Rnor ¼
R Rmin
Rmax Rmin
(4)
where Rnor
is the normalized residual while Rmax and Rmin are
maximum and minimum residuals, respectively.
A simple analysis of a standard vapor compression refrigeration system can be carried out by assuming a) steady flow,
b) negligible kinetic and potential energy changes across each
component, and c) no heat transfer in connecting pipe lines.
The steady flow energy equation is applied to each of the four
components.