3.3.2. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) also are referred to as anticonvulsants
and are designed to reduce rapid and excessive firing of
neurons of the brain. AEDs such as carbamazepine and primidone
have been detected in the freshwater environment and are
persistent in groundwater (Drewes et al., 2003; Loos et al., 2009;
Ternes, 1998). Carbamazepine was ubiquitous in freshwater
bodies and difficult to remove with conventional wastewater
treatment processes (Zhang et al., 2008).