1. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
One of the approaches currently used for language teaching is communicative
language teaching (CLT). The CLT puts emphasis on learning the target language for the
purpose of communication in real situations. CLT is developed into two ways: (1) a notionalfunctional
approach which extends the teaching of grammar to include the teaching of
interactional notions (paying attention to the factors of formality and functions, such as
making requests, apologies, invitations, and introductions) and (2) learner-centered