Car makers (Italy, Japan, and South Korea) foresaw a reduction in the pool of
potential operatives available for recruitment. Accordingly, they seek to reduce the
physical demands of assembly tasks that will continue to be carried out by human
operatives. For example, by developing improved intelligent assist devices for use by
human operatives in the positioning of windscreens. Accordingly, it is possible that
gross psychomotor skills will not be required in the future. However, the initiative of
adaptive expertise is likely to continue to be important to car makers that need their
operatives to evaluate outputs and plan means of improvement during kaizen (Imai,
1986).