To graduate as self-guided, motivated lifelong learners,
university students must become information literate. Teaching
information literacy (IL) skills has long been a core role
of librarians. As information and communication technology
evolves, the focus of IL teaching changes with it. When
information first became digital, librarians focused on computer-
and database-searching skills. With the advancement
of the web, the information environment has become much
more complex, even overwhelming, thus the focus of IL needs
to shift to conceptual understanding and critical thinking.
Teaching IL effectively at a cognitive level requires librarians
to understand and consider the stages of students’ intellectual
development . In addition, well-designed IL interventions can
facilitate students’ intellectual development.