Although it is never easy to prove that carcinogenesis proceeds via specific discrete
steps, in certain cases there are enough experimental data to imply that a certain sequence
of events occurs, and this information can be used as the basis for an approach to estimate
human cancer risk. Studies over the last 30 years in many laboratories, using a number of
different study protocols, indicate that this is the case for the induction of certain
follicular cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Clearly, if a compound produces tumours
at sites other than the thyroid (or pituitary); has a genotoxic potential or does not seem to
be acting via thyroid-pituitary hormone inhibition, then conventional principles laid down
by various regulatory authorities for Carcinogen Risk Assessment must be applied.
Where it is reasonable to presume that the neoplasms are due to thyroid-pituitary
hormonal imbalance and where other carcinogenic mechanisms can be discounted (e.g.
genotoxicity), then the compound can be considered as posing little or no risk to man
provided it can be demonstrated that:
Assessment of endocrine toxicity 111
1 The compound has goitrogenic activity in vivo (i.e. thyroid follicular hypertrophy and
hyperplasia).
2 There are clinical chemistry indications of changes in thyroid and pituitary function
(i.e. reduced thyroid hormone and increased TSH plasma concentration).
3 There is specific evidence that the agent either reduces thyroid hormone synthesis (e.g.
inhibits iodine uptake) or increases thyroid hormone clearance (e.g. enhanced biliary
excretion).
4 A progression of lesions in studies of various duration, showing cellular hypertrophy
and hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, and neoplasia (benign and possible malignant
tumours) can be demonstrated.
As for other carcinogens, it is important to quantify the risk to man and establish the
threshold dose levels for the various toxicological end-points
Although it is never easy to prove that carcinogenesis proceeds via specific discretesteps, in certain cases there are enough experimental data to imply that a certain sequenceof events occurs, and this information can be used as the basis for an approach to estimatehuman cancer risk. Studies over the last 30 years in many laboratories, using a number ofdifferent study protocols, indicate that this is the case for the induction of certainfollicular cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Clearly, if a compound produces tumoursat sites other than the thyroid (or pituitary); has a genotoxic potential or does not seem tobe acting via thyroid-pituitary hormone inhibition, then conventional principles laid downby various regulatory authorities for Carcinogen Risk Assessment must be applied.Where it is reasonable to presume that the neoplasms are due to thyroid-pituitaryhormonal imbalance and where other carcinogenic mechanisms can be discounted (e.g.genotoxicity), then the compound can be considered as posing little or no risk to manprovided it can be demonstrated that:Assessment of endocrine toxicity 1111 The compound has goitrogenic activity in vivo (i.e. thyroid follicular hypertrophy andhyperplasia).2 There are clinical chemistry indications of changes in thyroid and pituitary function(i.e. reduced thyroid hormone and increased TSH plasma concentration).3 There is specific evidence that the agent either reduces thyroid hormone synthesis (e.g.inhibits iodine uptake) or increases thyroid hormone clearance (e.g. enhanced biliaryexcretion).4 A progression of lesions in studies of various duration, showing cellular hypertrophyand hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, and neoplasia (benign and possible malignanttumours) can be demonstrated.As for other carcinogens, it is important to quantify the risk to man and establish thethreshold dose levels for the various toxicological end-points
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