Macaruso, Hook, and McCabe (2006) published a study in the Journal of Research in Reading that when 6-7 year-old students initially considered to be 'low-performing' were given access to supplementary computer-aided instruction in phonics over a school year, they made sufficient progress in reading skills to demonstrate comparable performance with peers who had not been considered 'low performing'. Teaching and learning are closely linked, and often studies that focus on teaching are concerned (quite naturally) with its effect on learning. In a paper published in the journal Educational Review, Taylor, Lazarus, and Cole (2005) report a study of 14-15 year-old students using an 'electronic learning tool' to develop their writing in German as a foreign language. The writing tool, developed by teachers, enabled students to write in ways judged as more complex, accurate and imaginative.