Most students are weak in conceptual knowledge. According to Cracolice et al, 2008) most students continue
to rely on algorithm problem solving techniques. Lacking in conceptual understanding resulted in the lack of
conceptual usage in solving problems. This claim is shown in a statement that many students can successfully
solve problems (by using an algorithm) as compared to answering interview questions based on the concepts
involved. It shows that students are only able to memorize and remember the formula and the processes involved
without understanding the concepts. This argument is similar to Bunce et al (1990) who studied students with
intellectual abilities to solve problems but did not use it effectively. Furthermore, the problem was represented in
a manner which was inconsistent with described physical reality. Students who were interviewed after answering
these chemistry questions stated that they did not need to use any conceptual knowledge and understanding in
order to solve mathematical problems in chemistry.
Anamuah (1986) conducted a study on high school students in British Columbia whereby they were directed
to use the techniques of critical thinking in calculating the concentration of the base after conducting a titration
experiment. The data showed that 80% of students used the formula, and 20% of students used the concept of
"proportional reasoning" to solve the same problem. Those who used the formula could not show an
understanding of the relationship with the constants contained in the formula they used. Although students who
used the concept of "proportional reasoning" showed the evidence to examine this relationship, the whole
experiment revealed that when students manipulated materials and examined the behaviour of macroscopic, weak
links could be made between conceptual understanding and problem solving in chemistry.