We rely on the indicated distinction in impact levels to discuss the effects of coffee certification as reported in the available literature. This approach is considered as a welcome
addition to the existing comparative overview studies (see:
Blackman & Rivera, 2010; Le Mare, 2008; Nelson & Pound,
2009) but permits more thorough insights into the—sometimes
contradictory—effects that might occur at different system
levels. Distinguishing between impact pathways also enables
a more balanced appraisal of the net welfare effects that specific types of (small-scale) producers might expect from engagement in each of the certification regimes